Abstract
This study analyses the factors of working women in a sandwich generation to decide to work in the non-agricultural sector in East Java Province, Indonesia. The sandwich generation is identical to economic dependents on two families simultaneously: biological children and parents. As a sandwich generation, encouraging women to work develops their careers and for the welfare of their families. The sandwich generation phenomenon has occurred in several countries, including in every region in Indonesia. Many factors, especially structural poverty and economic conditions, can cause sandwich generation. This study uses logistic regression analysis of 2022 National Socioeconomic Data. The research results show that the characteristics of women participating in the non-agricultural sector can be caused by living conditions, education level, digital conditions, and the guarantee of protection from the government.
References
Abramowska-Kmon, A. (2018). Ronald J. Burke and Lisa M. Calvano (eds): The Sandwich Generation. Caring for Oneself and Others at Home and at Work. European Journal of Population, 34(1), 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-017-9449-x
Ali, M. A., & Kamraju, M. (2023). The Role of Women in Rural Development Programs. ASEAN Journal of Community Service and Education, 2(1), 67–84. https://ejournal.bumipublikasinusantara.id/index.php/ajcse/article/view/290
Ao, X., Jiang, D., & Zhao, Z. (2016). The impact of rural-urban migration on the health of the left-behind parents. China Economic Review, 37, 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2015.09.007
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2022. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2022/12/27/3752f1d1d9b41aa69be4c65c/statistik-penduduk-lanjut-usia-2022.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Timur. (2023). Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2023. https://jatim.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/02/28/446036fbb58d36b009212dbc/provinsi-jawa-timur-dalam-angka-2023.html
Bigler, C., Amacker, M., Ingabire, C., & Birachi, E. (2017). Rwanda’s gendered agricultural transformation: A mixed-method study on the rural labour market, wage gap and care penalty. Women’s Studies International Forum, 64, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.08.004
Bose, P. (2017). Land tenure and forest rights of rural and indigenous women in Latin America: Empirical evidence. Women’s Studies International Forum, 65, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.10.006
Chakrabarti, S. (2023). Factors Influencing Rural Non-Farm Employment And Quality of Employment [ICFAI University Jharkhand]. https://www.iujharkhand.edu.in/assets/pdf/2023/Thesis-of-Samprit.pdf
Chang, C. F., & White-Means, S. I. (1995). Labour supply of informal caregivers. International Review of Applied Economics, 9(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/758538252
Courtis, C., & Pacecca, M. I. (2014). Domestic work and international migration in Latin America: Exploring trajectories of regional migrant women in domestic service in Argentina. Women’s Studies International Forum, 46(C), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.01.002
Darus, F., Basrowi, R. W., Wasito, E., & Kartjito, M. S. (2023). Optimizing Workplace Support for Breastfeeding in Female Worker; A Narrative Review. The Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine, 2(3), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.53773/ijcom.v2i3.75.136-42
Dewi, S. K. S., & Wiksuana, I. G. B. (2022). The Factors Analysis of Financial Conditions of Working Women Sandwich Generation. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 11(2), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.25635
Drucza, K., & Peveri, V. (2018). Literature on gendered agriculture in Pakistan: Neglect of women’s contributions. Women’s Studies International Forum, 69, 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.02.007
Ettner, S. L. (1996). The Opportunity Costs of Elder Care. The Journal of Human Resources, 31(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.2307/146047
Ghasemi, A. (2015). Muslim Iranian women working in broadcast media (IRIB): Between motherhood and professionalism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 53, 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.01.003
Gichuki, C. N., & Mulu-Mutuku, M. (2018). Determinants of awareness and adoption of mobile money technologies: Evidence from women micro entrepreneurs in Kenya. Women’s Studies International Forum, 67, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.11.013
Gil Araujo, S., & González-Fernández, T. (2014). International migration, public policies and domestic work. Women’s Studies International Forum, 46(C), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.01.007
Huang, X., Liu, Y., Xue, D., Li, Z., & Shi, Z. (2018). The effects of social ties on rural-urban migrants’ intention to settle in cities in China. Cities, 83, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.06.023
Irawaty, D. K., & Gayatri, M. (2023). Sensing the Squeeze of Sandwich Generation Women in Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Family Sciences, 8(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.v8i1.43942
Jabeen, S., Haq, S., Jameel, A., Hussain, A., Asif, M., Hwang, J., & Jabeen, A. (2020). Impacts of Rural Women’s Traditional Economic Activities on Household Economy: Changing Economic Contributions through Empowered Women in Rural Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(7), 2731. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072731
Jelen, B. (2011). Educated, independent, and covered: The professional aspirations and experiences of university-educated hijabi in contemporary Turkey. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(4), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.04.008
Kolodinsky, J., & Shirey, L. (2000). The impact of living with an elder parent on adult daughter’s labor supply and hours of work. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21(2), 149–175. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009426002699
Krishnan, M., & Chopra, D. (2022). Valuing and investing in unpaid care and domestic work-country case study: Philippines. United Nations. https://www.unescap.org/kp/2022/valuing-and-investing-unpaid-care-and-domestic-work-country-case-study-philippines
Kubota, E., MS, A. N. F., Mahendra, S., Prayoga, A., & Rahmawati, U. D. (2022). Millennials and the Sandwich Generation: The Challenge of Adapting Self-Identity Across Time. Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.30595/pspfs.v3i.260
Landig, J. M. (2011). Bringing women to the table: European Union funding for women’s empowerment projects in Turkey. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(3), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.01.009
Lechman, E., & Popowska, M. (2020). Enhancing women’s engagement in economic activities through information and communication technology deployment: evidence from Central–Eastern European countries. Gender, Technology and Development, 24(3), 314–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2020.1824568
Merijanti, L. T., Pusparini, P., Meiyanti, M., Alvina, A., Hartanti, M. D., & Tjahjadi, M. (2023). Career Development and Psychopathological Symptoms on Female Workers. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 13(4), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i4.6010
Miedema, S. S., Hennink, M., Naved, R. T., Talukder, A., Dore, E. C., & Yount, K. M. (2021). Women’s Income-generating Activity and Experiences of Economic Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Bangladesh. Sex Roles, 85(7–8), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01225-6
Moreira, A. (2022). Work-Family and Family-Work Conflict and Turnover Intentions: The Mediating Effect of Well-Being. Scholarly Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.32474/SJPBS.2022.06.000242
Nilamsari, W., Rahayu, E., Fawzi, I. L., & Laksmono, B. S. (2023). The Implementation of Social Protection Policies for Female Workers of PT. X’s Maternity Rights. Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(5), 1914–1929. https://doi.org/10.55324/iss.v2i5.407
Noor, S., & Md Isa, F. (2020). Malaysian Sandwich Generation Issues and Challenges in Elderly Parents Care. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2020.5277
Nordensvard, J. (2014). Gender and education policy in Ghana: The impact of informal citizenship and informal labour markets on the formal education of girls. Women’s Studies International Forum, 47(PB), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.12.010
Ou‐Salah, L., Van Praag, L., & Verschraegen, G. (2024). Feminisation of agriculture and the role of environmental changes: ‘It’s already a tough job and it’s getting tougher due to weather changes.’ The Geographical Journal, 190(1), e12542. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12542
Pines, A. M., Neal, M. B., Hammer, L. B., & Icekson, T. (2011). Job burnout and couple burnout in dual-earner couples in the sandwiched generation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 74(4), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272511422452
Rayanpour, R., Movahed Majd, M., Iman, M. T., & Zifonun, D. (2022). Exploring the Iranian Female Sandwich Generation’s Experiences of Multigenerational Caregiving Under the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study Using Situational Analysis. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 9(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.04
Rubin, R. M., & White-Means, S. I. (2009). Informal Caregiving: Dilemmas of Sandwiched Caregivers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 30(3), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-009-9155-x
Schoen, R. F. (2019). Women and rural industrialization: Garment production reaches old land and new labor in Bangladesh. Women’s Studies International Forum, 75, 102248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102248
Shirazi, F. (2012). Information and communication technology and women empowerment in Iran. Telematics and Informatics, 29(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2011.02.001
Srivastava, S. K., Singh, J., Kumar, N. R., Singh, N. P., & Ahmad, N. (2020). Changing agricultural labour market and its effects on farm economy in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(4), 469–480.
Sudarji, S., Panggabean, H., & Marta, R. F. (2022). Challenges of the Sandwich Generation: Stress and coping strategy of the multigenerational care. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(3), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.19433
Sumarsono, S. (2009). Teori dan Kebijakan Publik Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. Graha Ilmu.
Supriatna, A., Islamy, M. R. F., Komariah, K. S., Parhan, M., & Nur Fitria, A. H. (2022). Explaining Sandwich Generation Phenomena in the Modernity Dimension. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 6(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v6i1.11547
Tayouri, M., Hosseini, S. J. F., & Sabori, M. S. (2023). The role of skill development in improving the performance of agricultural extension agents in Iran using structural equation modeling and grounded theory. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83, e275161. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.275161
Todaro, M. P. (1969). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.
Turgeman-Lupo, K., Toker, S., Ben-Avi, N., & Shenhar-Tsarfaty, S. (2020). The depressive price of being a sandwich-generation caregiver: can organizations and managers help? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(6), 862–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1762574
Verick, S. (2018). Female labor force participation and development. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.87.v2
Webster, N. A., & Haandrikman, K. (2017). Thai women entrepreneurs in Sweden: Critical perspectives on migrant small businesses. Women’s Studies International Forum, 60, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.11.001
Weerakkody, S. S. (2023). Social Success of the Women Workers in the Garment Industry in Sri Lanka: A Case of Women Workers in Katunayake Free Trade Zone. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljssh.v3i2.111
Wolf, D. A., & Soldo, B. J. (1994). Married Women’s Allocation of Time to Employment and Care of Elderly Parents. The Journal of Human Resources, 29(4), 1259. https://doi.org/10.2307/146140
Xu, D., Deng, X., Guo, S., & Liu, S. (2019). Labor migration and farmland abandonment in rural China: Empirical results and policy implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 738–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.136

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Moh. Khusaini, Firdaus Finuliyah, Alfi Muflikhah Lestari, Alma Sofi Yuwan